Lesson 141-144 | 核心句型：萨莉第一次乘火车旅行、可以请你……、你可以……吗？ | 语法点：who/which引导的定语从句、祈使句的直接引语转间接引语、委婉请求表达、现在分词作定语
定语从句在句中作定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常放在先行词之后，由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that引导。
who引导的定语从句：修饰人，在从句中作主语或宾语
which引导的定语从句：修饰物，在从句中作主语或宾语
that引导的定语从句：既可以修饰人也可以修饰物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略
| 关系代词 | 修饰对象 | 在从句中的成分 | 是否可以省略 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语/宾语 | 作宾语时可以省略 |
| whom | 人 | 宾语 | 可以省略 |
| which | 物 | 主语/宾语 | 作宾语时可以省略 |
| that | 人/物 | 主语/宾语 | 作宾语时可以省略 |
| whose | 人/物 | 定语 | 不可以省略 |
现在分词（动词-ing形式）可以作定语，修饰名词，表示正在进行的动作或主动的关系。
单个现在分词作定语：通常放在被修饰的名词之前
现在分词短语作定语：通常放在被修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句
现在分词作定语与过去分词作定语的区别：
当直接引语是祈使句时，变为间接引语通常用"ask/tell/order sb (not) to do sth"的结构。
肯定祈使句：tell/ask sb to do sth
否定祈使句：tell/ask sb not to do sth
表示请求的祈使句：常用ask sb to do sth
在英语中，为了表示礼貌，常用一些委婉的方式提出请求，而不是直接使用祈使句。
| 表达 | 含义 | 语气 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Could you ...? | 你能……吗？ | 非常礼貌 | Could you tell me the time? 你能告诉我时间吗？ |
| Would you ...? | 请你……好吗？ | 非常礼貌 | Would you help me carry this box? 请你帮我搬这个箱子好吗？ |
| Can you ...? | 你能……吗？ | 比较礼貌 | Can you pass me the pen? 你能把笔递给我吗？ |
| I wonder if you could ...? | 我想知道你是否能……？ | 最礼貌 | I wonder if you could lend me some money. 不知道你能不能借我点钱。 |
| Would you mind ...? | 你介意……吗？ | 礼貌 | Would you mind opening the window? 你介意打开窗户吗？ |
回答委婉请求：
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，结构是"be + 过去分词"，可以用于各种时态。
| 时态 | 被动结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | am/is/are + 过去分词 | English is spoken in many countries. 许多国家说英语。 |
| 一般过去时 | was/were + 过去分词 | The house was built last year. 这所房子是去年建的。 |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are + being + 过去分词 | The road is being repaired now. 这条路现在正在修。 |
| 过去进行时 | was/were + being + 过去分词 | The house was being built this time last year. 去年这个时候这所房子正在建造中。 |
| 现在完成时 | have/has + been + 过去分词 | The work has been finished. 工作已经完成了。 |
| 过去完成时 | had + been + 过去分词 | The work had been finished before he arrived. 他到达之前工作已经完成了。 |
| 一般将来时 | will + be + 过去分词 | The meeting will be held tomorrow. 会议将于明天举行。 |
| 情态动词 | 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 | The work must be finished today. 这项工作必须今天完成。 |
1. The man ______ is wearing a blue shirt is my brother.
2. The book ______ you gave me is very interesting.
3. The girl ______ we met yesterday is a doctor.
4. The house ______ stands on the hill is mine.
5. The letter ______ I received yesterday was from my friend.
1. who/that 2. which/that 3. who/whom/that 4. which/that 5. which/that
1. "Open the door, please." he said to me.
2. "Don't play football in the street." the policeman said to the boys.
3. "Could you help me with my English?" she said to me.
4. "Be quiet, please." the teacher said to the students.
5. "Don't be late again." my mother said to me.
1. He told me to open the door.
2. The policeman told the boys not to play football in the street.
3. She asked me to help her with her English.
4. The teacher told the students to be quiet.
5. My mother told me not to be late again.
1. We speak English in our class.
2. They built this house last year.
3. Someone has stolen my bike.
4. We will finish the work tomorrow.
5. You must do your homework first.
1. English is spoken in our class.
2. This house was built last year.
3. My bike has been stolen.
4. The work will be finished tomorrow.
5. Your homework must be done first.
1. The man ______ is talking to our teacher is Tom's father.
A. which B. who C. whose
2. The book ______ I bought yesterday is very interesting.
A. who B. whom C. which
3. He asked me ______ the window.
A. open B. to open C. opening
4. The old man lives in a house ______ was built 100 years ago.
A. which B. who C. where
5. ______ you pass me the salt, please?
A. Do B. Could C. Must
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B
1. 站在门口的那个男人是我叔叔。
2. 你能告诉我去火车站怎么走吗？
3. 老师告诉我们不要在教室里吵闹。
4. 我昨天买的那本书很有趣。
5. 这项工作必须在今天完成。
1. The man who is standing at the door is my uncle.
2. Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
3. The teacher told us not to make noise in the classroom.
4. The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.
5. This work must be finished today.