Lesson 121-124 | 核心句型：买书的人、走还是留 | 语法点：定语从句中关系代词的省略、现在完成时的用法复习、already和yet的用法
当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。
| 完整形式 | 省略形式 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| The man who you met yesterday is my teacher. | The man you met yesterday is my teacher. | who在从句中作宾语，可以省略 |
| The book which I bought is very interesting. | The book I bought is very interesting. | which在从句中作宾语，可以省略 |
| The film that we saw last night was wonderful. | The film we saw last night was wonderful. | that在从句中作宾语，可以省略 |
注意：关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略：
当定语从句的谓语动词与介词搭配时，介词可以放在关系代词之前，也可以放在从句的末尾。
正式用法：介词 + whom/which
非正式用法：介词放在从句末尾，关系代词可以省略
固定短语动词中的介词不能提前：
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者动作从过去开始一直持续到现在。由"have/has + 过去分词"构成。
现在完成时的用法：
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
| 词 | 用法 | 位置 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| already | 用于肯定句，表示"已经" | 通常放在助动词和过去分词之间，也可以放在句末 | I have already finished my homework. 我已经做完作业了。 |
| yet | 用于否定句和疑问句，表示"还，仍然，已经" | 通常放在句末 | Have you finished your homework yet? 你做完作业了吗？ I haven't finished my homework yet. 我还没做完作业。 |
already在疑问句中的用法：
现在完成时不能和表示过去具体时间的状语连用（如yesterday, last week, in 1999等），但可以和以下时间状语连用：
| 时间状语 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| just | 表示"刚刚"，用于肯定句 | I have just had lunch. 我刚吃过午饭。 |
| ever | 表示"曾经"，用于疑问句 | Have you ever been to Shanghai? 你曾经去过上海吗？ |
| never | 表示"从未"，用于否定句 | I have never seen such a beautiful place. 我从未见过这么美的地方。 |
| before | 表示"以前" | I have read this book before. 我以前读过这本书。 |
| for + 时间段 | 表示动作持续了多久 | We have lived here for ten years. 我们在这里住了十年了。 |
| since + 时间点 | 表示动作从什么时候开始 | We have lived here since 2016. 我们从2016年起就住在这里。 |
| so far | 表示"到目前为止" | We have learned 1000 words so far. 到目前为止我们已经学了1000个单词。 |
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 词义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| show | showed | shown | 展示，给…看 |
| shut | shut | shut | 关，闭 |
| sing | sang | sung | 唱，唱歌 |
| sink | sank | sunk | 下沉，沉没 |
| sit | sat | sat | 坐 |
| sleep | slept | slept | 睡觉 |
| speak | spoke | spoken | 说，讲 |
| spend | spent | spent | 花费，度过 |
| stand | stood | stood | 站，站立 |
| steal | stole | stolen | 偷，窃取 |
| swim | swam | swum | 游泳 |
| take | took | taken | 拿，取，花费 |
| teach | taught | taught | 教，教书 |
| tell | told | told | 告诉，讲述 |
| think | thought | thought | 想，思考，认为 |
1. The man who is wearing a blue shirt is my brother. ( )
2. The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting. ( )
3. The girl who you met at the party is my cousin. ( )
4. The house which stands on the hill is very old. ( )
5. The film that we saw last night was very exciting. ( )
1. × 2. √ 3. √ 4. × 5. √
1. I have ______ finished my homework. Can I go out to play?
2. Have you finished your homework ______?
3. He hasn't come back ______. He is still working.
4. Have they ______ arrived? They are so early!
5. We have ______ learned 20 lessons.
1. already 2. yet 3. yet 4. already 5. already
1. The book ______ I bought yesterday is very good.
A. who B. which C. where
2. Have you ______ been to the Great Wall?
A. already B. yet C. ever
3. I ______ my homework yet. I have to finish it first.
A. haven't finished B. didn't finish C. don't finish
4. The man ______ is talking to our teacher is Tom's father.
A. which B. who C. whom
5. He ______ in this city since he was born.
A. lived B. lives C. has lived
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C
1. I ______ already ______ (see) that film. I don't want to see it again.
2. ______ you ______ (finish) your homework yet?
3. He ______ (not come) back yet. He is still in the office.
4. We ______ (live) here since 2010.
5. She ______ never ______ (be) to Australia.
1. have seen 2. Have finished 3. hasn't come 4. have lived 5. has been
1. 你读过我昨天给你的那本书吗？
2. 我已经完成工作了，我现在可以回家了。
3. 站在门口的那个人是谁？
4. 你去过美国吗？没有，我从来没去过。
5. 我们在这里住了20年了。
1. Have you read the book (which/that) I gave you yesterday?
2. I have already finished my work, so I can go home now.
3. Who is the man who/that is standing at the door?
4. Have you ever been to America? No, I have never been there.
5. We have lived here for twenty years.