Lesson 77-80 | 核心句型：预约看病、你买了什么？| 语法点：现在完成时for/since用法、延续性动词与瞬间动词转换、现在完成时与一般过去时区别
现在完成时可以表示从过去某个时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态，常与for和since连用。
for和since的区别：
表示延续性动作的动词（延续性动词）可以与for/since连用，而表示瞬间动作的动词（瞬间动词）不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如果要表示动作持续的时间，需要转换成相应的延续性动词。
常见瞬间动词与延续性动词转换：
| 瞬间动词 | 延续性动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| buy 买 | have 拥有 | I have had this car for 2 years. 这辆车我买了2年了。（不能说I have bought this car for 2 years.） |
| borrow 借 | keep 保存 | I have kept the book for 3 weeks. 这本书我借了3周了。 |
| leave 离开 | be away 离开 | He has been away for a month. 他离开一个月了。 |
| come/arrive 到达 | be here/in 在这里/在……里 | She has been here for two hours. 她到这里两个小时了。 |
| die 死亡 | be dead 死亡 | His grandfather has been dead for 5 years. 他爷爷去世5年了。 |
| begin/start 开始 | be on 进行 | The film has been on for 10 minutes. 电影开始10分钟了。 |
| join 加入 | be in/be a member of 在……里/是……成员 | He has been in the army for 3 years. 他参军3年了。 |
| 区别点 | 现在完成时 | 一般过去时 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间关联 | 动作与现在有关，强调对现在的影响 | 动作发生在过去，与现在无关 |
| 时间状语 | 与表示不确定的过去时间状语连用：just, already, yet, ever, never, before, recently, for, since等 | 与表示确定的过去时间状语连用：yesterday, last week, ... ago, in 1990, just now等 |
| 动作特点 | 可以表示持续到现在的动作或状态 | 只表示过去某个时间发生的动作，动作已经结束 |
| 例句 | I have lost my key. 我把钥匙丢了。（现在还没找到，对现在有影响） | I lost my key yesterday. 我昨天把钥匙丢了。（只是陈述过去的事实，现在可能已经找到了） |
| He has lived here for 5 years. 他在这里住了5年了。（现在还住在这里） | He lived here for 5 years. 他在这里住过5年。（现在已经不住在这里了） |
have got在口语中常用来代替have，表示"拥有"，时态为一般现在时：
| 句式 | have got | have |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定句 | I have got a new car. 我有一辆新车。 | I have a new car. |
| 否定句 | I haven't got any money. 我没有钱。 | I don't have any money. |
| 疑问句 | Have you got any sisters? 你有姐妹吗？ | Do you have any sisters? |
| 回答 | Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. | Yes, I do. / No, I don't. |
注意：have got没有过去式和将来式，要表示过去或将来的"有"，只能用have/had/will have
many和much都表示"许多"，但用法不同：
| 词 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| many | 修饰可数名词复数 | We haven't got many apples. 我们的苹果不多了。 How many students are there in your class? 你们班有多少学生？ |
| much | 修饰不可数名词 | We haven't got much milk. 我们的牛奶不多了。 How much water do you drink every day? 你每天喝多少水？ |
在表示店铺、某人家等地点时，所有格后面的名词常省略：
1. We have lived in this city ______ 2008.
2. She has worked in this company ______ 10 years.
3. They have been married ______ last year.
4. I have learned English ______ I was 6 years old.
5. He has been ill ______ three days.
1. since 2. for 3. since 4. since 5. for
1. The film ______ (begin) for 15 minutes.
2. He ______ (join) the army for 3 years.
3. I ______ (buy) this computer for 2 years.
4. She ______ (leave) home for a week.
5. His grandfather ______ (die) for 10 years.
1. has been on 2. has been in/has been a member of 3. have had 4. has been away 5. has been dead
1. I ______ a new bike. I bought it yesterday.
2. ______ you ______ any brothers or sisters?
3. She ______ (not) any time to play with us.
4. When I was young, I ______ a lot of toys.
5. Next year, we ______ a new house.
1. have got/have 2. Have, got / Do, have 3. hasn't got / doesn't have 4. had 5. will have
1. 我在这所学校学习已经5年了。
2. 这本书我已经借了两周了。
3. 你有多少本英语书？我有20本。
4. 我想预约看医生，我头疼得厉害。
1. I have studied in this school for 5 years.
2. I have kept this book for two weeks.
3. How many English books have you got/do you have? I have got/have twenty.
4. I want to make an appointment to see the doctor. I have a terrible headache.